Starry Night, by Vincent Van Gogh Analysis Free Essays

Rebecca Shulman February 25, 2013 ENGL 205-04 Epic and Romance Paper #1: Starry Night by Vincent Van Gogh, 1889 Swirls mix with white, yellow, blue, and black as the town sleepily yet still so helplessly moves on with its life. No one can truly understand the mystery of the night until they’ve watched it grow. The night is born so magically as the sun of the day descends over the horizon and the moon peeks in through the shadows. We will write a custom essay sample on Starry Night, by Vincent Van Gogh Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now It’s a darker sun, and although it is not quite as bright as the first, it is still able to shine down and create a new light for those who wake. The earth is cooled to the core as the town howls with blue breezes, while the wind chills the bones of those who walk the streets. I ponder at this painting, and wonder what thoughts pop in the minds of those whose eyes before mine have already fallen upon this golden wonder. It seems like such a small and quiet village, where the trees, so dark and gloomy as they are at dusk, grow ascending from the ground and are never ending structures. Behind the eyes of the painter was the thought of an ever-changing starlit sky in France, comparing dark with light and how it’s effects were so important to how life can look in one of the many perspectives. The oils are swimming expectantly across the page, creating this wild cotton candy vibe to the soft creamy delight of sweets that enter my imagination while I sit and stare at the tinted buttercream colored moon. As it smiles in my direction, I imagine what it’d be like if there were tiny raindrops slowly falling, but there isn’t a single cloud among such radiant tiny balls of fire. The lines in the sky dance and twirl like waves of an ocean crashing along the shore during the mightiest of storms. I can’t help but wish that I could be a part of this memorable scene, thinking what it would feel like to swim amongst the honey dipped stars so high above me, as I raise my hands and lift my chin, aiming towards the heavens. I’d look below me as my arms spread so angelic, looking down toward the low-lit buildings as I surf around this world full of beautiful wild colors of nature. Though there is a glow throughout the drawing, there is also a clear exactitude of how the sky and land are separated by colors. Where the skies glow of yellow is stronger than it is near the ground, the brightness of the waning moon shows how far that beauty can shine over the land like a guide, or a distant friend. How to cite Starry Night, by Vincent Van Gogh Analysis, Papers

The Watergate Scandal Essay Research Paper The free essay sample

The Watergate Scandal Essay, Research Paper The Watergate Scandal The Watergate Affair, is the worst political dirt in U.S. history. It led to the surrender of the president, Richard M. Nixon, after he became implicated in an effort to cover up the dirt. ? The Watergate Affair? refers to the housebreaking and electronic bugging in 1972, of the Democratic National Committee central offices in the Watergate flat, and office edifice composite in Washington D.C. The term was applied to several related dirts. More than 30 disposal functionaries, run functionaries, and fiscal subscribers pleaded guilty or were found guilty of interrupting the jurisprudence. Nixon faced possible indictment after his surrender, received from his replacement, Gerald Ford, a full forgiveness for all of his discourtesies he may or had committed ( Branford 2 ) . In 1971, Nixon created the Particular Investigation Unit, know as the? pipe fitters? , their occupation was to stop up all new leaks. Subsequently that twelvemonth, his agents broke into the office of Dr. We will write a custom essay sample on The Watergate Scandal Essay Research Paper The or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Lewis Feilding, and Dr. Daniel Ellsberg, who had given transcripts of the Pentagon Papers, a secret history of U.S. engagement in Indochina, to newspapers. After Nixon learned of the housebreaking, he and his top advisers decided to state that the housebreaking had been carried out for naitonal security grounds ( Watergate 3 ) . Subsequently in 1971, H.R. Haldeman, Nixon? s head of staff, was notified by an helper, Gordon Stachan, that the U.S. Attorney General John Mitchell and John Dean, advocate to the president, had discussed the demand to develop a? political intelligence capableness? at the Committee for Reelection of the President ( CRP ) . Some of the forces and tactics identified with the activities became associated with attempts aimed at the Democrats. In early 1972, Mitchell assumed a new place as manager of the CRP and discussed political espionage programs with Dean. Mitchell besides provided the proposal to housebreaking to the Watergate ( Branford 3 ) . On June 17, 1 972, constabulary arrested five work forces at the DNC central office. The work forces were seting electronic equipment that they had installed in May. One of the work forces arrested was James McCord, security coordinator for the CRP ( Watergate 3 ) . Ehrlichman was ordered to destruct implying paperss and tapes. Then L. Patrick Gray resigned as moving manager of the FBI, subsequently acknowledging he had destroyed paperss given to him by Ehrlichman and Dean. On June 23, 1972, Nixon learned about Mitchell? s possible nexus with the operation, and Nixon instructed the FBI to halt the enquiry into the beginning of money used by the work forces who tapped the edifice. He said that? the probe would jeopardize the CIA operations. ? Dean and the others later sought to bring on CIA functionaries to collaborate with this program. On July 1, Mitchell left the CRP, mentioning personal grounds. On August 29, Nixon declared that no 1 in the disposal, so employed, was involved in the Watergate. Although money found in the ownership of the wire tapsters was traced to the CRP, such grounds was deficient to implicate high functionaries. On September 15, merely the five work forces foremost arrested, plus Liddy and E. Howard Hunt, one of the pipe fitters, were indicted ( Carson 2 ) . In January 1973, two months after Nixon? s reelection, the seven indicted work forces were tried before Judge John Sirica in the U.S. territory tribunal in Washington D.C. Five pleaded guilty, and McCord and Liddy were convicted of confederacy, burglary, and illegal wiretapping. Meanwhile, intuitions grew that the housebreaking was portion of the bro ad plan of political espionage. The U.S. Senate voted to carry on an probe, and the Grand Jury, continued to hear informants. During hearings of his nomination to be lasting manager of the FBI, Gray revealed that he had given FBI Watergate files to Dean. His testimony suggested that other top White House Plutos were involved in the clandestine activities. In March and April, Nixon met frequently with top Plutos to be after responses to the Gray disclosures and to fix for the probes. On March 23, Judge Sirica read a missive from McCord bear downing that informants had committed bearing false witness at the test and that the suspects had been pressured to plead guilty for them to stay soundless. McCord, trusting to avoid a terrible sentence, cooperated with research workers and concerned Dean and Magruder, in the housebreaking. Research workers were besides told that Mitchell had approved the housebreaking, and that transcripts of conversations, taped at the DNC, were given to Strachan for bringing to Haldeman, and Ehrilchman had ordered them to be destroyed. On April 30, Nixon announced the surrender of Haldeman, Ehrlichman, and Dean. Attorney General Richard Kleindienst resigned instead that prosecute work forces he knew. Nixon and Elliot Richardson, the new lawyer general, approved the creative activity of a particular prosecuting officers office, headed by Archibald Cox of the Harvard Law School. The Senate? s Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, under the chairmanship of Senator Sam Ervin, opened public hearings in May. Dean? s testimony linked Nixon to the cover-up. Haldeman, Ehrlichman, and Mitchell denied error and defended the president. The testimony revealed the president and his Plutos as stray and as hostile toward and fearful of tonss of enemies ( Watergate 4 ) . Alexander Butterfield, a former White House functionary, testified in July 1973 that Nixon had taped conversations in his office. Nixon refused to let go of them. Judge Sirica directed Nixon to allow him hear the tapes. Nixon appealed the order, reasoning that a president was immune from judicial orders implementing subpoenas and that under the construct of executive privilege merely he could make up ones mind which communications could be disclosed. The U.S. tribunal of entreaties upheld Sirica, but Nixon so proposed that Senator John Stennis, a Democrat signifier Mississippi listen to the tapes to verify an emended version that Nixon would subject to the Grand Jury and to the Senate. One tape contained an 18 minute spread, that gave confounding testimony on how the spread might hold occurred. Electronic experts found that person must hold intentionally destroyed grounds. On March 1, 1974 seven former Plutos to the president ; Haldeman, Ehrlichman, Mitchell, Colson, Strachan, Robert Mardian, and Kenneth Parkinson, were indicted for cabaling to impede the Watergate probe. Colson pleaded guilty, and Strachan? s charges were dropped. The staying five went on to test in October 1974 and January 1, 1975, all but Parkinson were found guilty. In late July the House commission approved three articles of impeachment ( Carson 2 ) . Shortly thenceforth James St. Clair, the president? s attorney, learned that one of the 64 tapes that Nixon had been compelled to give up was the June 23, 1972, conversation with Haldeman in which Nixon sought to queer the FBI probe. He insisted that Nixon print the tape. Nixon did so, and his support in Congress virtually disappeared. Confronting certain impeachment and remotion from office, Nixon resigned, effectual at noon August 9, 1974 ( Watergate 4 ) .

Righttop00 Colegio Mayor Nuestra Senora del Rosari Essays

righttop00 Colegio Mayor Nuestra Senora del Rosario Facultad de Jurisprudencia Criminologia Samuel Escobar Beltran Maria Daniella Ordonez Zambrano Mayo 17, 2017. La teoria del aprendizaje social propuesta por Albert Bandura se ha convertido en, quiza, la teoria mas influyente del aprendizaje y el desarrollo. A pesar de estar arraigada en varios de los conceptos basicos de la teoria del aprendizaje tradicional, Bandura creia que el refuerzo directo no podia explicar todos los tipos de aprendizaje, agregando asi un elemento social a su teoria, argumentando que las personas pueden aprender nuevos comportamientos observando a otras personas. Conocido como aprendizaje observacional (o modelado), esta teoria puede ser utilizada para explicar una amplia variedad de comportamientos. Como aprendemos los seres humanos? Los estimulos de refuerzo/castigo claramente condicionan nuestro comportamiento pero no solo respondemos a tales estimulos, tambien los interpretamos. Para ilustrar este principio, consideremos el ejemplo de un nino que recibe un beso cuando guarda sus juguetes; es probable que repita esta accion debido a la recompensa. Sin embargo, si el nino arroja su comida y posteriormente recibe un regano, el nino aprende que tal accion solo genera desaprobacion y modifica su comportamiento como consecuencia porque desea la aprobacion de su madre. Pero esto es solo una faceta del complejo proceso de aprendizaje. No existe una sola definicion de "aprendizaje social" pero las diversas descripciones que hay enfatizan la importancia del dialogo entre grupos para entender mejor los diferentes puntos de vista y desarrollar procesos de accion colectiva y reflexion a lo largo del tiempo. El aprendizaje social y el empoderamiento se basan entre si. El empoderamiento es el proceso de mejorar la capacidad de individuos o grupos para tomar decisiones y transformar esas elecciones en acciones y resultados deseados. El logro de tales resultados no es un proceso unico que se puede planificar y ejecutar externamente, como un campo o un taller, pero es un proceso social que se estructura desde las lineas de actividad, incluyendo la construccion de redes, el dialogo, la gestion del conocimiento y la evaluacion. Se puede acceder a la informacion sobre los diferentes ejes que apoyan el aprendizaje social a traves del indice de "aprendizaje social" de la izquierda. La evaluacion, debido al papel que juega en el fortalecimiento de todas las otras actividades y actividades, se amplia a su propio area tematica en el indice de navegacion. La capacidad social, las redes y la confianza que facilitan esta cooperacion para beneficio mutuo se denominan "capital social". Entre las teorias de aprendizaje actuales han surgido cuatro categorias principales: la conductista, la cognitivista, la humanista y la social. En particular, esta ultima incorpora muchos de los elementos necesarios para producir un sistema practico de cambio pero como toda teoria, esta compuesta de porciones de estudio previo y esta en constante evolucion, la teoria del aprendizaje social fue inicialmente influenciada por las otras tres categorias. Especialmente por las teorias conductistas, haciendo hincapie en lo que se aprende de los comportamientos observables, parecen crear una base para las teorias mas complejas encontradas en la teoria cognitiva social de Bandura, que incorpora las mejores partes de estas teorias en un plan superior para el ajuste conductual. Un debate que sigue generando controversia en muchas disciplinas cientificas es el tema de la herencia y la influencia que la genetica tiene sobre el caracter general de un ser humano. Tanto la comunidad cientifica como el ciudadano medio estan intrigados en cuanto a que determinantes determinan el caracter personal asi como el comportamiento individual. Hay varios factores que afectan el destino de un individuo ya traves de diversos estudios, explicaciones y modelos teoricos se hace muy evidente que un factor aislable es casi imposible de distinguir. Algunos teoricos argumentan que los fundamentos de la agresion son biologicos. Los factores biologicos que influyen en el comportamiento agresivo son las hormonas, las enfermedades fisiologicas y el temperamento. Las hormonas juegan un papel indirecto en la agresion humana. La interaccion con estimulos externos puede afectar el umbral del comportamiento agresivo. Algunos investigadores han concluido que los altos niveles de testosterona podrian ser el resultado de un comportamiento agresivo. En las mujeres, el sindrome de tension premenstrual se asocia con una serie de comportamientos agresivos, como el delito violento. Las personas con una enfermedad fisiologica

Which Year of High School Is Most Important for College Applications

Which Year of High School Is Most Important for College Applications SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips To figure out which year of high school academics is the most important, it helps to think of high school as a marathon. In order to win a marathon, of course you have to run the whole time – if you stop running, then lots of other people will pass you. But because you’re human, when you’re running a marathon, you can’t really run at the same speed the whole timed. Instead, you learn to pace yourself early on, and then really bust out your best sprint when it counts – at the finish line. So which part of high school is that all-out sprinting finish line? Read on for our answer. All Years Are Important Before I tell you which is the most important year of high school, let's be real: you can't really snooze your way through any of these four important years.High school is designed so that every year is a building block for the next. In other words, the classes you can take junior and senior years depend in large part on what you’ve been doing the previous years. This means that 9th and 10th grades are the setup years: this iswhen you take the prerequisite classes you need to take high level classes later, and also when you join the activities that you will hopefully rise to a leadership position in. On top of that, freshman year can be a reallyhard adjustment year. You suddenly have high school-level demands, much more academic and social pressure, not to mention the wild ride of adolescent development and the surge of hormones that comes with it. Actually, 9th grade is so hard that research shows that itis the make it or break it year – the year that determines whether kids stay to finish high school or drop out altogether. That awkward moment when your hormone surge turns you rabid. 12th grade is also not the best time to start slouching. Even though the GPA colleges will see is made up mostly of grades from the first three full years of high school,first-semester senior year grades are sometimes sent in with your transcript. This means that 12th gradealso needs to be stacked with impressive classes that build on what you accomplished junior year. What's more, if you really slack off senior year, your acceptance could even be rescinded Finally, if you’re taking AP classes, good grades on AP exams can get you college credit or at least place you out of intro college classes. Every AP class in every year matters - and you will most likely take the most number of AP classes in 11th and 12th grade. Junior Year Is the MostImportant If you were paying careful attention, you might have noticed that the last section kind of gave short shrift to 11th grade. That's because junior year is so important that we need to talk about it separately. Show off your academic chops The main reason that junior is the most important year for your college applications is because it’s the last full year of high school that colleges see. It also represents you atyour most mature -since teens grow a lot year by year, junior year is the best way forcolleges to extrapolate what you'll be like as an adult. Because you want to demonstrate your full capabilities, 11th grade should be the hardest course load year on your transcript.It should most closely approximate a college course load, so that colleges can get a sense of how you would handle that level of work. So, my advice is to take the highest level courses that you can reasonably handle (meaning get a B or higher in). Remember, this is the time to really push yourself, especially in classes that are your strengths, that you are passionate about, or that you can see yourself pursuing in college. Since you will be doing such intense and impressive work in your challenging classes, your 11th grade teachers are probably going to be the teachers that will write your college recommendations. Definitely come to class ready to impress. (Get a more detailed scoop on letters of recommendation in our guide.) Artglass: raising the bar onbringing your teacher an apple. Make up for past mistakes Another key reason that junior year is socrucial is that it can be the time when you redeem a lackluster freshman or sophomore year. Colleges like to see one of two things from your academic career: either a strong performance that is maintained throughout, or an upward trend of doing better and better each year.If you got reallygood gradesin 9th and 10th grade, then nice job! And, 11th grade needs to be more of the same - great grades in even harder classes. But if you had a tough time in 9th or 10th grade, then 11th grade is the year when you can show colleges the full range of your abilities by pulling off a banner year of good grades. Imagine an admissions officer seeing at a transcript with mediocre grades in 9th grade, followed by a junior year of challenging classes and good grades. This officer will see a student who rises to the challenge and has the perseverance to keep going even in the face of a setback. Time to erase those early bad grades from the admission officer's mind. On the other hand, a bad junior year canmake a good freshman or sophomore year look like a fluke. Now picture that same admissions officer seeing a transcript with a bunch of 10th grade A's, followed by 11th grade B's and C's. This time, the officer is likely to conclude that the strong sophomore year performance is not really an indicator of the student's ability. Want to build the best possible college application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in. Crush upcoming key tests At the same time, 11th grade is the year of important testing. Of course, you will take lots of tests every year of high school, but your junior year will most likely be full of statewide and nationwide tests that will matter a lot on your college application. AP exams that will end up on your college applications (check out ourfull list of available AP exams). If your state has a required exit exam, you will likely take it at the end of junior year. The PSAT – a test that is called â€Å"practice† but that you have to take very seriously because it couldqualify you for the National Merit Scholarship program and givea sense of howyou will likely score on the SAT (learn moreabout the PSAT here). SAT subject tests that will end up on your college applications (here's a breakdown of everything you need to know about SAT subject tests). And, of course, the SAT itself, which you will most likely take for the first time in late winter or early spring of your junior year.Learn why a high SAT/ACT score is the best single way to improve your chance of admission to a competitive school. You will be weighed. You will be measured. Hopefully you won't be found wanting. Be a leader Because junior year is also the last full year of extracurriculars that colleges will see, this might be the perfect time to prove your ability to lead and manage others. So run for that student council election, audition for that starring role, or work your way up to first singles on the tennis team! Can you be elected an officer of your club or student organization? Can you become captain of your sports team? Can you headline a performance, stage an exhibition, or get a lead role? Can you assumelarger responsibility for a volunteer project, like orienteering others or organizing donations? Is it Rumplestiltskin? Plan your future Finally, junior year is the year of the college search! This is when you will decide on where and how you will spend the next fouryears of your life. If you're curious how that process works, read our explainer. What If I Screwed Up My Junior Year? If you've been reading this and panicking because your junior year didn't go according to plan, don't worry. You still have some good options. You can explain what happened on your college applications, try to make up the grades through some hard work, or even just chalk it up to experience and move on to do better in the future. Did something happen in your personal life to derail you? Anything like your parents divorcing or losing a job, a serious illness or injury, or any other tremendous life upheaval is a completely understandable reason for grades to fall.If this happened to you, the key thing is to explain to colleges exactly what you were going through. Use either your personal essay or the â€Å"tell us anything else† space on your application to let schools know your circumstances. Additionally, for extra impact, ask your counselor or the teacherswriting your recommendations to also narrate these adverse events in their letters Are you still in the middle of your junior year? If you are still in the middle of 11th grade and have just noticed that your grades are slipping, there is probably still time in the year to undo the damage. Remember, your mid-year grades aren’t going to be seen by colleges, so you still have time to mitigate the situation. This is the time to ask the teachers whose classes you are struggling with for help, for extra credit assignments, or anything else that can help boost both your grade and their opinion of your work ethic. Also, if you've been taking it easy, this is the time to hit the books. Without overwhelming yourself, and without depriving yourself of sleep (7-8 hours a night is what the doctor ordered) or your sanity, spend some extra time assessing your study habits and improving them. Think about letting your social life take a bit of a backseat for now while you study – trust me, your future is worth a little hermitbehavior. Is hermit behavior anything like hobbit behavior? Because I think I could really get used to elevensies and second breakfast. Another way to make the case that you haven’t actually performed up to your potential is to really do your very best on the SAT or ACT test. A high score will show that you have untapped potential. We havedetailed advice on raising your GPA fastand on getting a full 2400 SAT score. Are you planning to recommit to academics in the future? Sometimes what happened in high school should just stay in high school. If you let your work slip,butnow have come to you to a sudden realization that you need to refocus on academics, then what you really need issome more time to show what you can really do. Then this might be the time to rethink your target schools, and then try to transfer midway through your college career. For example, you could first go to community college for one or two years, and then apply to a state or private university as a transfer student. Another great option is to seek out a university system and first enroll at aless selective campus, eventually transferring to one of the more selective ones.Explore your options in our guide to applying to college with a low GPA and our roundup of the best collegeswith low GPArequirements. What’s Next? Thinking about planning your high school curriculum? Then check out our discussion of the classes you should take in high school. If you’d like to see what a rigorous course load would look like, read our article on planning a challenging curriculum in high school. To learn more about how your GPA is calculated, read about how your GPA works and the difference between a weighted and unweighted GPA. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

First Across The Rhine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

First Across The Rhine - Essay Example A lot of action-packed, tactical, militarily strategic, and heroic stories fill war movies. Rarely are the actual tasks and skills of non-combatants were featured. This paper will try to present the roles of engineers and their team during the war using mainly the book by Col David E. Pergin and war writer Eric Hammel (1994) First Across the Rhine: The 291st Engineer Combat Battalion in France. The immediate challenges during their landing in the war zone were: grave reservations of the standard in the organization as off-the-shelf engineer combat battalion inevitable combat losses that could remove key people with essential skills or unique training from the ranks (Pergrin and Hammel, 1989, 17). To address this immediate concerns, Pergrin’s solution was to cross-train as many officers and troops as possible in whatever time was left. He noted that, â€Å"The training directives established minimum, not maximum, standards (Pergrin and Hammel, 1989, 17). ... After the cross training, every member of the squad was a qualified: Rifleman for .30-caliber M2 carbines for NCOs and .30-caliber M1 Garand rifles To operate the squad’s .30 caliber machine gun and bazooka (2.35 inch rocket launcher) To lay, detect, and clear mines To operate bulldozers, dump trucks, chain saws, picks, shovels, jackhammers and other tools Read maps (most of them). Meanwhile, Pergin also ensured that the squad leader and his assistant were able to use radio and field telephone equipment; carried manuals on the three main types of bridges with which they expected to work – Bailey, timber trestle, and pontoon; use proper combat engineer tactics to stop or delay enemy (Pergrin and Hammel, 1989, 19). Each line platoon was equipped with: Bulldozer, weapons carrier, 4-ton man-hauling truck with a .50 caliber machine gun, a number of 2 & ? ton dump trucks for hauling equipment and material, own motor pool staffed by mechanics charged with maintaining all the w heeled and tracked equipment and vehicles, weapons sergeant and supply sergeant as overseers of small section of specialists. Pergin noted that the main purpose was â€Å"to save lives in the battle areas by using the many skills and the fruits of their rigorous training,† (Pergin and Hammel, 1989, 27). The following were exemplified and exercised by the team members: Stress small-unit operations using combat-engineering equipment; Facilitate movement of tanks in support of the attacking infantry; Clear mines rapidly; Police and patrol the area up to the front to provide vital information to the decision-makers up the chain of command. All their tasks were conducted through strategies as follows: 1. led the paratroopers through the

Investigate the possible implications of inclusivity and exclusivity Essay

Investigate the possible implications of inclusivity and exclusivity of ICT within UK schools - Essay Example l Communications and Technology Agency)1 that have researched this issue of impacts of ICT in schools within the United Kingdom in the last two decades. Their study-ImpaCT1 and ImpaCT2 had analysed the statistical relationship between ICT use and education standards, pupil’s performances and in different ages and subjects UK being a developed country, the use of ICT has been very much advanced and most of the schools are now applying ICT in most of their learning practices. Focus has shifted from learning about ICT to learning through ICT. It is widely accepted that ICT has the following benefits as seen from studies here in the UK. At present, students are developing skills on range of technologies that have in the past made little impacts on the schools. There are several strategies that are being used to incorporate them into educational experiences of these pupils. (Garnham, 2000). An example of such technologies in the UK and other developed countries is the use of mobile phones to compile when students are away from home and with some modifications can be used as personal response systems. In the UK radio broadcast are day to day learning procedures not only in the junior levels but also at the university level. BBC broadcast is usually the favourite for most schools since it is being seen as the best media house with proper research structures. Such school radio programs as ‘Who wants to be a Millionaire?’ broadcasts directly to an MP3 which store the information immediately to be retrieved later by the user. Recent studies have looked at how interactive whiteboards influences learning and teaching processes in schools. It suggests that whiteboards offer visual display that go in line with the explanations offered by the teacher thus helps students to understand better. It further explains that it has a motivational effect especially when used at the primary school level. ICT technicians are the most useful people in the information society and

Determinants and Correlates of Compulsive Lying

Determinants and Correlates of Compulsive Lying Sadiqa Parwar As quoted by Vladimir Lenin â€Å"A lie told often enough becomes the truth.† Compulsive lying is also called as pathological lying that is a clinical term in which an individual repeatedly and apparently compulsively tells false stories. According to out of the fog â€Å"compulsive lying is a term used to describe lying frequently out of habit, without much regard for the consequences of others and without having an obvious motive to lie. Compulsive lying is less self-centered or manipulative in nature than other kinds of lying. It is not oriented so much toward serving a person’s long term self-interest as it is doing what feels good at the time.† According to Charles et al., 2005 children use fantasy to deny reality for their self- protection and self-development. When it persists it becomes pathological in adulthood and pathological liars are consider that their ego is fixated in childhood. I am interested to write on this topic because I want to know the different reasons why people are lying? Secondly, it’s a controversial topic and psychological disorder. As a health care professional we should know the factors and impacts of such disorders so that we can interact with patients and their families who are experiencing compulsive lying disorder as well as we can provide support and effective care not only from medical point of view but also from psychological and social point of view. I encounter many people who are telling lies in routine and become a habit in their life. They feel right to lie and desire to lie even more but the people around them are suffering a lot as they are very fed up of listening daily lies. Moreover, people refuse them to involve in their social gathering and they donot even bother to help such patients out from this situation. There are many factors which contribute to compulsive lying disorder. Firstly, it is caused by antisocial personality disorder .In which symptom of irrational lying is seen in several methods like manipulation, exploitation and violation of individual rights of people around them. They tell lie for personal benefit and other reasons. Secondly, genetic factors and child abuse also leads to compulsive lying. Many children of parents experiencing this disorder also learns this behavior in similar way .Moreover, parents teach their children to do so or the child can pick up by watching his/her parents actions. Thirdly, Interdependence that means depending or relying of people on each other. Usually in a relation a habitual liar faces fear of losing their partner in telling truth at once. So they keep on lying day by day and at a time it becomes compulsive lying disorder. Conduct disorder is another cause of compulsive disorder and that is more prevalent among males weather young or old. Affected patients involve themselves in illegal activities like stealing, ganging and use of drugs. (Prof.Mental Health, 2011). In my opinion people lie because of emotional issues, neglect or some bad experience that has happened to them in past provoke such behavior. For example, I encounter a person from my village who is the best example here I want to share. He is habitual of telling lies on daily basis with his teachers at university as well as with friends. He used to miss classes by taking excuses from his teachers as saying like he has financial problem so he is doing job for his family. But it was not true; he used to sleep all the time at home. And the teachers gave him leaves and freedom in assignments in thinking of not put burden on him. He gained trust of his teachers by telling lies in such a way that teachers not able to pin point his lies for a period of time but at last his classmates who were very frustrated from his bad behavior objected to teachers and they fired him from university after learning his lying behavior. The etiological determinants of compulsive lying are hereditary vulnerabilities most of pathological liars belong from families with psychiatric and behavior problems. King and ford (1988) as cited in (Katie, 2012) found 10% patients had alcoholic parents and 30% had family history of neuropsychiatric illness. Moreover, Healy and Healy (1915) focused on childhood environmental factors in psycho-social determinants as cited in (Katie, 2012). In which they found five out of nineteen cases came from good homes, while two were born in poverty, two were raised by ignorant parents, six were raised in immorality home environment, six were parented by persons who lack appropriate parenting control, and one raise in unstable home situation. According to literature review the underlying risk factors are neurological impairment, psychosocial trauma and attachment disruption. King and ford’s (1988) as cited in (Katie, 2012) analysis they found 40% of cases reviewed had a history of central nervous system abnormality and head trauma. Poor self-regulation is the main considering cause of pseudologia fantastica. In psychological trauma and attachment disruption includes death of near and dear ones, adoption, separation from primary attachment figure, childhood abuse and parental psychiatric illness. Attachment disruption occurs when the surrounding and caregivers fail to fulfill and nurture the child’s needs and manage their distress. (Kagan, 2004) as cited in (Katie, 2012) The neuropsychological correlates of pathological lying are Compulsive lying effects on liars individually as well as their families. Here I would like to discuss one of the scenario which I felt has forced me to write this scholarly paper .I encountered a girl belongs to compulsive lying family. She used to lie in every moment despite of caught several times. Once for the purpose of promotion and impressing her boss she increased her educational status as MBA and submitted false documents but in real she was B.com. She was caught within few months and fired from her job. Still she was lying to people whoever asks about her lost job and saying that she was not interested in that job. Everyone knows about her lies and no one trusts even when she says a single truth .Her father also says that only a liar becomes successful and able to cope with his surroundings. He stated that â€Å"truth and honesty wins only in movies not in our real world†. Interventions: Compulsive lying is also called pathological lying in some articles and in others both are defined as differently. Which are so confusing and tough task to handle and very little specific articles are about compulsive lying. Pathological lying has been defined in many ways but its individual effect and possible etiological factors are not clear. Moreover, it is unknown whether pathological lying exists across cultures, whether having different subtypes and whether pathological liars present enough main and constant symptoms or cluster of symptoms to define clearly a clinical stuff suitable for allocation in the DSM. Systematic Collection of data will help not only in clarifying these puzzles, but also in determining whether pathological lying is always only a symptom, a syndrome, or a diagnosis which is also unclear. The treatment options available for pathological lying are also poorly researched (Charles et al., 2005). I recommend that epidemiologists should collect data about this disorder and there would be a literature available on compulsive lying for information and awareness to overcome its adverse effects. Conclusion: References Dike, C. C., Baranoski, M., Griffith, E. E. (2005).Pathological lying revisited.Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online,33(3), 342-349. Poletti, M., Borelli, P., Bonuccelli, U. (2011). The neuropsychological correlates of pathological lying: evidence from behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia.Journal of neurology,258(11), 2009-2013. Treanor, K. E. (2012). Defining, understanding and diagnosing pathological lying (pseudologiafantastica): an empirical and theoretical investigation into what constitutes pathological lying. Yang, Y., Raine, A., Lencz, T., Bihrle, S., Lacasse, L., Colletti, P. (2005). Prefrontal white matter in pathological liars.The British Journal of Psychiatry,187(4), 320-325. Grubin, D. (2005). Commentary: Getting at the truth about pathological lying.Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online,33(3), 350-353.